Mission vision Essay

Introduction This assignment is prepared to find out the mission, vision and value statements of some organizations from different industries. In this assignment I will also try to find out whether these firms put emphasize on quality in their vision and mission statement. This report looked into the mission, vision and value statements of McDonald’s, Bank of America, Rangs Group, BRAC University and IBA, University of Dhaka. Mission statement A mission statement defines the organization’s purpose and primary objective. Its function is internal; to define the key measure or measures of the organization’s success and its prime audience is the leadership team and stock holders. Vision statement A vision statement’s purpose is to explain the organization’s key values and does not refer to bottom line figures. It tells how a particular company believes things should be done. Additionally, it also gives direction to customers and employees. A vision statement also tells where the organization is heading and how it will complete its operations Value statement Value statement is an expression of a company’s or individual’s core beliefs. Companies write the statement to identify and connect with the consumer. Additionally, the declaration allows for the company’s staff to be aware of the priorities and goals of the company. Mission and vision statement of different organizations McDonald’s Mission statement â€Å"McDonald’s brand mission is to be our customer’s favorite place and way to eat. Our worldwide operations are aligned around a global strategy called The Plan to win which centers on an exceptional customer experience- People, Products, Place, Price and Promotion. We are committed to continuously improving our operations and enhancing our customers’ experience† Value Statement We place the customer experience at the core of all we do We are committed to our people We believe in the McDonald’s System We operate our business ethically We give back to our communities We grow our business profitably We strive continually to improve Comments McDonald’s doesn’t have a specific written vision statement. McDonald’s value statement specifically mentions the organizations commitment to quality service. McDonalds considers quality as key to ensuring positive consumer experience. McDonalds considers quality, commitment to its staff suppliers and shareholders, ethical business practices and CSR as integral to maintaining its spot as the industry leader. IBA, University of Dhaka Vision Statement â€Å"We strive to be visible among the respected business schools in the world, as we relentlessly pursue the goal of transforming the individual into a caring professional, who can make society just a little better† Comments IBA does not have a specific mission and value statements. The vision statement of IBA does not make any mention of quality. However, the goals stated in the statement require a strong emphasis on quality in order to achieve them. North South University Vision statement The vision of North South University (NSU) is to become a leading university and remain as a top center of excellence in higher education and research. It aims at attracting brilliant students, teachers, scholars, and from all over the world. Mission statement The mission of NSU is to produce highly skilled manpower, visionary professional leaders and responsible and enlightened citizens. This mission is achieved by imparting high quality higher education, and training, and by conducting useful research so that individuals can achieve their intellectual, social, and personal potentials. NSU is committed to developing human capital by sharpening creative thinking. In addition to creation and dissemination of knowledge, its mission includes promotion of humanism and peace through higher education. As a social institution, NSU endeavors to induce changes for betterment of the society as a whole through public services, and through promotion of ethical behavior and social justice. Comments NSU emphasized on quality in their mission statement. They have stated several long term targets for their organization in their vision statement and they have planned to achieve those by imparting higher quality higher education. Bank of America Mission Statement â€Å"Bank of America is all about providing people, companies and institutional investors the financial products and services they need to help achieve their goals at every stage of their financial lives. Our deep experience, broad range of services and global capabilities allow us to deliver comprehensive solutions that help customers and clients succeed in today’s market and prepare for the future.† Vision Statement â€Å"Our vision is to become the world’s finest financial services company.† Value Statement/ Core Values We deliver for our customers, clients and shareholders. We trust in our team. We embrace the power of our people. We act responsibly. We promote opportunity. Comments Bank of America emphasized a lot about quality in their value statement. Bank of America’s core value statement makes a declaration of quality in the form of consistency to all its constituents. Since, quality is considered a core value by the Bank of America; Rangs Group Mission and Vision Statement â€Å"Provide the population of Bangladesh with modern technology by offering quality products and proper after-sales-service through multi distribution channels to make their lives easier, more comfortable and convenient.The objective of our mission is by establishing a congenial working place with content employees and by offering quality products at reasonable prices we want to create a bond with every customer in order to maximize profit through perfect competition.† Comments Rangs group does not have a formal value statement. Rangs group places high emphasis on providing quality products and after sales service to its consumers. The group mission and vision statements are stated together. Besides they have emphasized on the modernization of technology.

Kola Nuts

Kola-Nut: The Symbol of Hospitality (title) †¢It is a bitter brown seed containing caffeine †¢In the past, has been added to drinks to diminish hunger and fatigue †¢The offering of a Kola-Nut is very important in the igbo culture and is only offered to very important guests †¢This offering of the Kola-Nut has three steps that must be followed. The first step is the presentation of the kola-nuts.The next is the breaking of the kola-nut and the third is the distribution of the kola-nuts †¢Presentation of the kola-nut can only be done by privileged men †¢Kola-nut is passed around until it finally comes back to the guest †¢Elder will then hold up kola-nut and say a prayer †¢Then kola-nuts are eaten Onyemaechi, Uzoma. â€Å"Igbo Culture and Socialization. † Igbo Culture. University of Michigan, 26 May 2012. Web. 29 Oct. 2012. . Widjaja, Michael. â€Å"Kola Nut. † Igbo Culture and Igbo Language. N. p. , 4 Nov. 2011. Web. 29 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Kola Nut. † Energy. N. p. , 16 July 2011. Web. 29 Oct. 2012. . Igbo Foods * The Yam is a staple food for Igbo people and civilization * Yam was always abundant, helpful during lean times * The Iwaji or New Yam festival each year celebrates importance of vegetable in Igbo culture.Prayers offered up and thanks given to the gods and spirits of traditional folklore. * Yam made in many ways * Can be pealed and boiled or pulped into a doughy consistency to produce pounded yam * Also ate a lot of pumpkins and gari (cassava powder) dumplings * Regular Meals * Typically soup with meat or fish * Sided with yams, garri (tapioca), semovita, or jollof rice Hafner, Dorinda. A Taste of Africa . Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press, 1993. Imoisi, Janice. Cooking Nigerian Style: Delicious African Recipes .Houston, TX: Gayle Publishing. , 2000. Widjaja, Michael. â€Å"Food and Recipes. † Igbo Food and Recipes. Michael Widjaja, 2000. Web. 29 Oct. 2012. . Agwu, Kene. â€Å"Yam and the Ig bos. † BBC News. BBC, 8 Jan. 2008. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"ANAM CITY Blog. † Yam Preservation A «. N. p. , n. d. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. .

A World of Critical Thinkers

The world is becoming more competitive thus, there is an need to make decisions that would matter. In formulating intelligent decisions, the individual should not only think individually but holistically. It is through collective thinking that he is able to see the real impact of a certain act. In this day and age, there are is a need to look beyond the facts and analyze things deeper. As much as possible, all details should be taken into consideretion. The paper contains a discussion of critical thinking and how it could help in the formulating intelligent decisions.It enumerates the characterisitics of a critical thinker and the instances whhere this form of thinking can be applied. A World of Critical Thinkers Many educators are concerned with the way their students process information. There are those who exhibit confusion and doubt their understanding of the lessons while there are those who feel confident about it and can answer any question related to the topic. This variance that educators get from their students places them in doubt whether or not they are able to reach out to the needs of their students.In most instances, the teacher is the provider of the information while the student is the receiver; seldom does it happen that process is reversed. This is the reason why many students exhibit dependence to their teachers. However, this should not be the case as it is like spoon feeding them. Learning is not merely about absorbing the information that are provided, it is about understanding, analyzing and thinking critically the subject matter presented. The level of understanding of the students do not actually depend on their mental capacity but on their capability to think critically.Critical thinking is a form of reflective, skillful and responsible thinking. It is going beyond the facts and finding reason for the existence of those facts. It is the ability of an individual to take charge of his own thinking by developing criteria and standards fo r assessment (Elder and Paul,1994). Critical thinkers are not contented with what are merely presented to them, they exert effort to understand and reason out through gathering additional information. They analyze holistically and not individually. Through this collective analysis, one can interconnect the details and see the real impact thereof.Good conclusions are not simply formulated from a simple set of facts; they are based on research and critical analysis. A good critic ignores his biases and tries to understand things as they appear. He uses evidence impartially and skillfully. He is someone who is willing to let go of his hypothesis and formulated conclusions in case the results do not come out right. He is open minded and expects a lot of possibilities. He does not limit himself with what he knows; instead he explores to understand and learn.He also understands the difference between logically valid and invalid inferences and can distinguish the variance betweem reasoning and rationalizing. Most of the designers of critical thinking programs are social scientists. They create these designs mainly to improve thinking in the fields of social studies and the humnanities (Schafersman, 1991). Critical thinking can be applied in lectures, laboratories, making of homeworks, quantitative execises such as solving mathematical and word problems, making of term papers and most importantly answering questions during examinations.These activities encourage the students to understand better and apply inquisitive and reasoning skills (Schafersman, 1991). Critical thinking skills should be developed as early as possible because once this is established, it will be easier for the individual to make intelligent choices. The reason why many people commit mistakes is not because of mere ignorance or frailty of mind. They commit mistakes because they fail to think intelligently and analyze the facts involved before they act or make decisions.Hard decisions in life are m ade after careful thinking and analysis. All aspects of the issue is viewed and all possible effects are expected. A critical thinker is able plan ahead and provide remedy for any anomaly that may happen in the execution of his task or in the realization of the decision that he made. At work, the application of critical thinking is inevitable. Proper decisions must be made in order for the company to function better. Any unintelligent decision may create serious repurcussions.Every move must count and the effects thereof be combatted easily. I was once assigned to make a proposal regarding the expansion of the market of the company that I work for. In making the proposal, I did not simply rely on what I know instead I conducted research and surveys. First I listed the interests of the company and its main goals then I made a list of competitors and analyzed their profile. I studied their strengths and weaknesses as well as the business interetsts that they have.Through this process, I was able to figure out on which aspect can the company can develop an edge over the others. When I have determined the aspect to concetrate on, I researched for possible markets for the new undertaking. I conducted surveys to determine its profitability and the people who will patronize it. Knowing the class of people who are interested in the undertaking will help the company in creating products and giving services that they need and want. A company exists to provide services and products for the consumption of the people.They exist to serve and gain profit thus, in formulating decisions, they make sure that the needs of their clients are addressed. After generating data for the new business and the market thereof, I also made an analysis on how to go about with it. The advantages and disadvantages were laid out as well as the probability of the success of the business. Analyzing the data as well as the results of the surveys was a difficult task since these were not seen as th ey are. There was a holistic analysis of the issues presented to better understand the impact of the project.Taking them piece by piece may not necessarily yield to the results that the company needs. I had to look beyond the facts and think for the future. I also opened my mind to several possibilities that may happen and prepared back up plans in case the initial plan fails. The result generted from all of these facts were collated to form the proposal. It was after completing the job that I realized the importance of critical thinking. There is a need to think out of the box to be able to list down endless possibilities and ways of exploring those possibilities.Through the activity,i realized that critical thinking is a tedious process, however the results generated from it makes the effort worthwhile. Through critical thinking, the world becomes more colorful and exciting. References Elder, L. and Paul, R. â€Å"Critical thinking: why we must transform our teaching. † Jou rnal of Development Education, Fall 1994. Schafersman, S. (1991). An Introduction to Critical Thinking. Free Inquiry. Retrieved 14 October 2008 from, http://www. freeinquiry. com/critical-thinking. html

Fast food †Nutrition Essay

â€Å"The problem is when that fun stuff becomes the habit. And I think that’s what’s happened in our culture. Fast food has become the everyday meal. † Michelle Obama stated this quote to inform America that fast food is becoming a problem in the U. S. Fast food had been making business since the 1960’s and proudly serving all across America (Schlosser. 4). It hasn’t been until the 1980’s, referred to â€Å"the decade of child consumer†, where fast food didn’t just try attracting adults but children as well (Schlosser. 25). This has been a problem in the U. S because America soon became one of the top countries with children being obese. There is a lot of reason why children are obese; lack of exercise, visiting fast food instead of eating at home, and sitting in the couch staring at the television screen for an extended period of time. But the most importantly is children visit fast food often. It is important to consider that fast food is not just bad for children but they are able to serve food very quickly, replacing meals that could be made at home. Because fast food are advertising children with unhealthy meals, it causes them to become overweight, and can cause them to have future problem: this can be reduced if Fast food will stop targeting kid and parents to take extra cautious to what kids see. To begin with, Fast Food used advertisement, such as newspaper, school billboards and the media, to attract children. The problem to this is that their methods do in fact, work. Companies, like McDonalds, might say we don’t advertise children but according to Meredith, fast food companies take their unhealthy meals, put them on colorful red boxes and add a toy on it and call it a happy meal. (Melnick,web). Kids are always attracted to colorful and fun stuff, making it easy for fast food to attract kids with toys and bright colors. This makes kids want to buy the meals, and not be aware of what the food may contain. Another way fast food companies attract children is through even school. Recently 9 states were allowed to advertise in school busses as well as school, and11 more states are considering to do so (Brittman,web). This can cause a problem because children are going to be exposed to more fast food advertisement in school and outside of school as well. It also makes kids want and crave the fast food restaurant if they are exposed to the advertisement every day. Thus, the fast food advertisement that is being broadcasted targets children, making them want fast food. The meals that fast foods are advertising not only target kid, but they also don’t reach the requirement for a healthy meal for kids. According to Grace Dickinson in, Fast Food Companies Still Targeting Children, states that â€Å"of the 3,000 examined fast food meals targeting towards kids, a measly 12 meals reach the nutritional guidelines for pre-school aged kid. † This is a problem in the United States because the foods that are being advertised for kids are not healthy for kids. Fast food companies attract children by using role models and attract them with toys This causes children to become overweight because they will over consume large amounts of calories and unnecessary fat. Fast foods are targeting children with unhealthy foods. Because of the unhealthy foods that are being sold to young kids in fast foods, it causes the children to become overweight and develop future problems. Kids who eat fast food aren’t able to digest the meal in one day. Overtime kids will have problems like type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure because children are overweight (Overweight in children, web). This is a problem because kids shouldn’t have these problems at such a young age. Another statement to include is, â€Å"Because of the increasing rates of obesity, unhealthy eating habits and physical inactivity, we may see the first generation that will be less healthy and have a shorter life expectancy than their parents. † (Overweight in children, web) this is important to consider because kids have a higher chance to die at a young age and this can impact the population in the U. S and many people will lose their love ones. The food being sold in fast foods cause children to become obese, causing them to develop problems in the future. Besides the physical feature unhealthy food may cause, it also may affect America. According to the study of Merdith, â€Å"eating fast food has pretty much become the routine for many families. † One-third of children and teens reported to visit a fast food restaurant at least once a week (Meredith, web). Kids visit fast food restaurants frequently making them want and crave more. because they consume restaurants so often, teens and children consume about 800-1,100 calories per visit (Meredith,web). This is known to be a problem because since children are always thinking about visiting fast foods restaurants, they gain more fat then a person that would eat at home. researchers have found that,†40% of children ages 2-11 ask their parents to go to McDonald’s at least once a week†¦ Even worse, 84% of parents reported taking their children to a fast food restaurant at least once a week. † (Grace, web). America is relying so much on fast food that they aren’t eating at home. Whenever children ask for fast food their parents will take them to eat unhealthy food that is unnecessary for them. In order to reduce fast food restaurants from targeting children is to stop them from advertising to children. The councilor of better business bureaus’ children and beverage have made a difference in the fast food business, according to Kendra from, Children Target of $1. 6 billion in food ads, [the council] â€Å"has enlisted 14 large companies, who have pledged to reduce child-direct advertising or to feature ‘better-for-you’ products in youth advertising†(Kendra, web). This not only reduces the visits from children, but provides healthier foods for children. An example of how it might work is in Quebec, Canada. For over 32 years, it was illegal for fast food companies to advertise food for kids. Results show that kids in Quebec consumed 13. 4-18. 4 billion fewer calories per year (Deidre, web). Also compared to other states where it’s legal for fast food restaurant to advertise to children, Quebec is 38% less likely to buy fast food then other states (Deidre, web). This is important to consider this because they are one of the least obese areas in Canada and the children have a healthier life choice if they wouldn’t hear anything about any fast-food restaurants. If fast foods reduced or illuminated advertising to children, then children would have a healthier choice in life. Another way that could stop kids from having contact with advertising, is for parents to limit the what they see on the media. Parents need to monitor the channels children watch or magazine, where their could be advertising of fast foods (Deidre, web). If parents do follow this process then kids will be less likely to know what kind of unhealthy food fast food may be promoting. Parents have a big role on how to control the way they children will become. Children often ask parents to take them to fast food, but the one that is authorized to what children eat relies on the parents command on whether to please their children unnecessary. Fast food restaurant are advertising children with unhealthy meals, it causes them to become overweight, and can cause them to have future problems. In order to make this a less of a problem, fast food companies and parents need to take a big role on what children are consuming. Fast food restaurants targeting to children is harming America as a whole because they are the people who will live in the future. Because children are eating unhealthy at such a young age, it cause them to develop problems in the future. In order to stop this fast food companies need to lower their advertising or promote healthier food to children. Parents also need to not give in to their kids wanting to go to fast food and try to avoid their kids from seeing unhealthy advertising. Work cited page Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2001. Print Melnick, Meredith. â€Å"Study: Fast Food Ads Target Kids with Unhealthy Food, and It Works,. † Health Land. Health Land, 8 Nov. 2010. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. Brittman, Mark. â€Å"Opinionator The Right to Sell Kids Junk Comments. † Opinionator The Right to Sell Kids Junk Comments. The New York times, 27 Mar. 2012. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. Dickenson, Grace. â€Å"Fast Food Companies Still Targeting Children. † Food Fitness Fresh Air, 8 Nov. 2010. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. â€Å"Overweight in Children. † Overweight in Children. American Heart Association, 9 Apr. 2012. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. .

Richard Branson – Paper

Hence, Brannon has very strong leader-member relations. Second, task structure must be analyzed In a course of four 1. Can a decision be demonstrated as correct? Steps: 2. Are the requirements of the task understood by everyone? 3. Is there more than one way to accomplish the task? 4. Is there more than one correct solution? Based on the environment that Brannon has created at Virgin, assumptions can be made about situational traits. Brannon makes sure that he acknowledges his employees' hard work.That means when a decision Is correct, the appropriate staff ill be praised for making the correct decision. Brannon also encourages his management to continue to challenge employees to come up with new creative ideas to attack the present situation. This means not only will employees understand the task requirements, but they will also be encouraged to find alternate ways to accomplish the task as well as alternate solutions. Using the Graph below, when Richard Brannon keeps a situation at moderate control his effectiveness as a leader and fearlessness as a leader Is maximized.If you have a demoralized staff your company will soon disappear† (Management Skills 1: leadership and motivation). Motivation is the process that accounts for an individual's intensity, direction and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal. Richard Brannon has never lacked self motivation as a result of continuously creating and seeking new challenges to overcome. Brannon transcends his natural self motivation into his unique, hands off management style which emphasizes employee Job happiness and comfortable relationships.Self motivation was never an issue in Abrasion's career as an entrepreneur and business man. From starting Student magazine at age 16 to creating a dominant rower in the recording industry, Brannon always had a desire to seek out new challenges. This may have rooted from his parents because they did not view his learning troubles as a limitation and encouraged him to find and pursue his venture, Student Magazine, his convictions were the underlying motivator. Brannon wanted people to hear his views and was willing to exude hard work in order to assure this happened.Brannon soon began to feel a sense of enjoyment and purpose–a major theme in all of Abrasion's motivation techniques– which transitioned his efforts into the music and recording business. Of course, love and passion is not always a the best self motivator if success is never attained. Thus, Abrasion's second key to self motivation is moving forward, rather than moving back. For example, in the wake of the U. KS recession of the sass's Brannon had a choice to consolidate or keep growing.In response Brannon bought two night clubs and invested profits back into his music industry in order to create success and limit losses. The third key for Brannon was to always have goals. Once current goals are attained, new goals must be formed. This is demonstrated as Abrasion's go als were reddened from creating one of the world's most respected brand to investing in large-scale philanthropic endeavors such as the creation of Virgin Unite. Finally, perhaps the most appropriate rule to Abrasion's success: â€Å"Screw it. Let's do it† (Brannon)!When one man owns a record company, a soft drink company, and is pursuing space tourism there self motivation must never be deficient. Abrasion's self motivation is an extension of how he motivates others. Despite running such an extensive array of companies, he takes on a very â€Å"hands-off,† management style. He says, â€Å"l don't look at any figures or projections, if he [Patrick Ezekiel] wants to do it that's fine by me. That's very much the approach we take, there's a lot of trust† (Management Skills 1: leadership and motivation). The trust he displays in his management demonstrates that Brannon is a Theory Y manager.Theory Y managers assume employees can view work as being natural behavior a nd are committed to the objective. They tend to be less controlling and have a more hands-off approach. As a result, Brannon believes that his management can do their Jobs to the best of their ability without his constant supervision. In addition, Brannon has a knack for surrounding himself with a very capable staff and creating a work environment in which they thrive. † Although Brannon is â€Å"hands-off,† he does create a particular environment that is very affective in motivating his employees.He does this by participating in lots of direct personal communication with his employees. Even though he is a corporate leader, he displays compassion for all employees in the Virgin family and pushes them to become leaders themselves. An example of this is Abrasion's involvement in public relations. Whether its extreme stunts or press leases, Brannon sets aside 25% of his time for public relations. He explains, â€Å"If your staff works enormously hard to create something t hey are proud of, it's foolish if you don't let the world know about it. This social involvement gives his employees the impression that Brannon greatly appreciates his employees' success and hard work. Certainly an employee will be more motivated to work extremely hard for Brannon and Virgin, if Brannon is doing the same for that employee. Analyzing Abrasion's motivational techniques more closely, Mascots Needs Pyramid comes to mind. Brannon looks past physical needs and safety needs, or at least assumes these will be taken care of. Instead, Brannon focuses his efforts most on social and esteem needs.For example, Virgin attempts to fulfill employees' social needs by holding a party employees, whether they are security guards or executives. This not only gives employees a chance to associate socially outside of a work environment, but also links employees regardless of social status. He also targets esteem needs. According to Richard Brannon, â€Å"Junior people are as important as senior employees. Staff should e praised, not criticized they know when they have done something wrong† (Management Skills 1: leadership and motivation).

IP Networking Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

IP Networking - Lab Report Example Company X headquarters has a total of four directorates and 400 employees. The department includes the executive leadership, research and development, human resources, and sales. Region 1 has customer service and accounting department, Region 2 has marketing and advertising department, while region 3 has inventory, manufacturing, and engineering departments. To accommodate the network growth the company will have to use the VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask) which was previously ignored by a consultant. This is after the company realized that all the network addresses are statically generated. This led to a high administration overhead when the networks and locations are added to the network. The company therefore has opted to come up with a standard IP addressing table for the WAN links and their locations. It has also decided to sample the configuration of Cisco for each and every location. Additionally, it will deny the users in Region 2 from accessing the offices of region 3 seri al interface. At the end of the configuration the company will generate a network diagram capturing the whole system. Technical Details IP Addressing Table and WAN links for the Locations ASSIGNED IP NETWORKS IP Network Region Department IP Address VLAN 207.17.5.0/24 Corporate X headquarter Executive Leadership 20 1 Sales 80 1 Human Resources 25 1 Research and Development 275 2 207.17.8.0/24 Region 1 Accounting 20 1 Customer Service 80 1 207.17.9.0/24 Region 2 Advertising 23 1 Marketing 47 1 207.17.10.0/24 Region 3 Manufacturing 25 1 Engineering 78 1 Inventory 22 1 WAN LINKS IP Network Region       WAN Required 207.17.11.0./24 HQ to Region 1       2 HQ to Region 2       2 HQ to Region 3       2 Future expansion       2 Future expansion       2 Future expansion       2 Cisco configurations Here it is assumed that every network interfaces are operational and is ready for consultant’s configuration. The configuration entails the Ethernet configuration , VLAN configurations, the serial ports, routing protocols, and the summarization route from the headquarters’ office to region 1. The section describes how the three regional offices will be connected to the corporate’s headquarter. The corporate will use the following WAN options; synchronous leased line, frame relay, asynchronous dial-up line, and x.25. The WAN encapsulation will comprise of the point-to-point protocol, frame relay, X.25, and HDLC (High Level Data Link Control). The routed protocols will include IP and IPX. Other feature in the system are Dynamic IP routing, IPX routing and Dynamic IP, IPX routes and Static IP, sub-interfaces, and Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. Additionally, the configurations options include the Command line Interface and cisco 805 Fast Step. The table below shows the sample network configuring the three regions and the headquarters to ISP networks. Region No WAN options WAN Encapsulations Routed Protocol Other Features Confi guration Options Headquarters Synchronous Leased Line HDLC IP Dynamic IP routing CLI, Cisco Fast Step Software Region 1 Asynchronous dial up line PPP IP Static IP route Firewall IPCP/PPP CLI, Cisco Fast Step Software Region 2 Synchronous Leased Line PPP IP Static IP route CLI, Cisco Fast Step Software Region 3 Frame Relay Frame Relay IP Firewall, Static IP route, and NAT overload CLI, Cisco Fast Step Software Before configuring, the following steps will be done: the network administrators from the headquar

Homeless People Should Get Shoulder by Government Essay

Homeless People Should Get Shoulder by Government - Essay Example The struggles of the homeless people are so much that their plight can no longer be ignored by the government. Since nobody desires to live such kind of life, but instead is forced by circumstances such as poverty or unemployment, it is important for the government to realize that it is its responsibility to take care of the less fortunate. Every human being deserves to lead a somehow dignified life. It is simply inhuman to watch someone sleeping in an open ground or on rags somewhere along a major street. Also, it is inhuman to allow an innocent child to continually roam in the streets with nowhere to go when the night falls. These events are enough to cause any person with some sense of humanity to consider helping these people. But since the structures of offering assistance are best carried out by the government, it is important for the people in leadership position to come up with mean of helping the innocent the homeless people (Ontario Municipal Social Services Association). It is important for the government to help homeless children so as to prevent them from engaging in acts of crime. It is basic knowledge that most people who engage in criminal activities either lack knowledge that what they are doing is wrong, or are driven by circumstances to engage in such activities. Statistics carried out concerning criminals activities in America reveal that most of the criminals trace their roots to living a care-free life in the streets of America. Also, further research indicates that these criminals are drug addicts.

Essey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Essey - Essay Example Organisms in the soil contribute to the supply of fertilizer and the passages of air. Rains further nourish the plants with water and nitrogen. Organic farming has been gaining worldwide acceptance because of all these benefits. In contrast, chemicals gradually kill the soil organisms that add to their fertility and eventually render the land less productive, leading to lower yields and less food supply, and exposed to soil erosion whenever it rains. As of 2010, close to a billion people were reported as hungry, while many more live malnourished lives. There has been a growing demand for food supply which is propelled by a growing populations. Add to that scenario all the price increases in prime commodities, including vegetables, fruits, protein sources and we can easily understand what is meant by the urgency of finding effective and efficient ways of producing food supply. Chapter 1 of Worldwatch Institute report dwells on the statistics on malnutrition, rising prices, and the need for changes in food supply production and distribution. Another factor to consider is global warming. More powerful typhoons, hurricanes, and tornadoes brought about great destruction of properties in various parts of the world, while the Arctic and Antarctic Zones have been melting, and the effect was predicted to be a rise in the water level and floods. Many people have drowned as a result of unusual floods. Chapter 2 of Worldwatch Institute†™s book dealt with effects of climate change as a major reason for the implementation of ecoagriculture. warming while aiming to solve problems like hunger, poverty, malnutrition, and the growing demand for food worldwide. As community leader, a person can call on local farmers to provide them with an awareness of the need to change farming practices and the benefits of ecoagriculture. One of the recommendations of Worldwatch Institute (2011) is to plant â€Å"nitrogen fixing-fixing trees that enrich the soil for the

Japanese popular culture and Eastern media societies Case Study

Japanese popular culture and Eastern media societies - Case Study Example To a large extent though, Japanese influence has been to a larger extent that the others. The indigenous culture is not without American influence. On the contrary, some components of the American popular culture that can be regarded as the global culture have been modified by East Asian flavors to form a culture that is globalized and indigenous to the region at the same time. The proliferation of Japanese culture in the East Asian countries reflects an uneven influence. The fact that the Japanese culture has a greater reach that the rest of the region ´s indigenous cultures depicts Japanese imperialism (Iwabuchi 2001, pp. 12). During the early years of Japanese visual industry, most of the products were imports from Hollywood. However, the country realized that the best way forward was to indigenize and localize American popular culture by interpreting the American ideas to fit the Japanese context. Due to the cultural proximity, Japanese products found an audience within the other East Asia countries who could largely relate their own culture with that of the Japanese culture albeit with much influence from the more superior American culture, which other societies consider modern and hence use it as a measure of their own culture against modernity. Since Japan ´s influence came from the indigenization of the western ideals, there is a consciousness that the rest of the East Asian societies could do the same. Therefore, Japanese culture remains dominant due to the realization that its greatest strength is the influence of the western ideals and their localization into the indigenous context. The greatest weapon that the Japanese influence employs is the depiction of their culture as being superior. This leaves the consumer of a product like a TV drama craving to be part of the dream that is depicted in the drama. As such, people who

Eco reading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Eco reading - Essay Example Technology amplifies material resources necessary for driving economic development. Technology, in a modernized world, is a moral force that works to promote innovation, productivity and result. As it appears, technology is responsible for vastly propagating modernist ideals across the planet. Technological transfer from advanced to less developed nations is crucial for spurring development projects in least developed areas. Development depends on the production of knowledge capable of providing scientific mirror of both social and economic challenges facing a nation as well as the available resources that can be used to counter the challenges. As such, the need to build institutions to generate scientific knowledge was imminent and inescapable (37). Modern scholars perceive modern science to be more accurate and fair compared to the past periods when social science was marred with error and prejudice. Even though technology played a crucial role in developing world, especially Latin America, it blocked other modes of learning (37). Every region has different problems that call for varying approaches in finding the solution to the problems. Therefore, specific scientific approach must be focused to a country in order to effectively understand and resolve the underlying issues. Developed nations were believed to be better placed to steer economic development all over the world because of their relatively strong financial background and high technological capacity. However, science and technology has put the poor in an awkward position because they have lost control over their lives and become targets of complex scientific practices (38). Science is portrayed to work in favor of the rich, while keeping the poor immersed in their state of poverty. Thus, science and technology raised a crucial humanitarian

Pressure Ulcers Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pressure Ulcers Risk Management - Essay Example Apart from being static in a position there are some other reasons responsible for this like fragility of skin, chronic problems like diabetes, lack of nourishment, mental disability, incontinence or old age. Pressure ulcer management has definitely changed dramatically over the last 3 decades or so. Earlier, pressure ulcers did not receive much attention and they were treated with betadine, maalox, heat lamps and there were no low air loss beds. After the works of Braden and Bergstrom, pressure ulcers began to receive the attention deserved. Still lot of work is yet to be done to get the word out. That is why this project needs to be taken up. In year 2000-2002, there were 474,692 new cases of pressure ulcer( Patient safety in American Hospitals, Health Grades 2004) it is about 0.17% incidence rate. Out of this 13.13% of pressure ulcer cases resulted in death. 34,320 deaths due to pressure ulcer were attributable to patient safety. It also has a cost factor to it. In the year 200-2002 in US, $2,574.02 million were spent to treat pressure ulcers. At the same time $2.57 were spent to prevent pressure ulcer. (WD) Regulatory agencies such as CMS, JCAHO & the State Departments of Health consider pressure ulcers to be preventable and so nosocomial pressure ulcers are the fault of the facility or agency in which they occur. Nursing Homes receive citations, fines and even criminal charges for these types of wounds. Patients sue facilities and nurses and win. This is such a hot topic that all the agencies that deal with this problem are busy updating information, preventative measures and heightened awareness. If a streamlined process can be developed that addresses education and a nursing focused approach, perhaps we will see a drop in pressure ulcers. The National Pressure Ulcer Advisor Panel (NPUAP) has recently (Feb 2007) released some updates. The staging system was updated to both clarify the four stages AND name deep tissue injury into the staging system. They have also added the definition of pressure redistribution to replace the old pressure reduction and pressure relief definitions. Thi s was mainly due to new findings associated with shearing injuries.CMS is changing reimbursement on nosocomial pressure ulcers. Basically, CMS will reimburse to acute care facilities for pressure ulcers if the patient was admitted with the pressure ulcer, but if it is a nosocomial pressure ulcer then CMS will not pay. JCAHO has added pressure ulcers to the 2008 National Patient Safety Goal list for long term care:- "Goal 14 Prevent health care-associated pressure ulcers (decubitus ulcers). 14A Assess and periodically reassess each resident's risk for developing a pressure ulcer (decubitus ulcer) and take action to address any identified risks." Braden scale Braden Scale is a clinically validated tool used in the medical profession to get a reliable score of the risk level for developing pressure ulcers in a patient. With its help even those nurses who do not have uniform level of experience and capacity of judgment, can have consistency in identifying the risk level of the patient. This also helps them to monitor their patient care in a busy schedule. It also helps them to pay appropriate attention to the six specific risk factors.

Business perposal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Business perposal - Research Paper Example It provides catering services delivering various kinds of delicious food items to the plates of the customers. The business in this regard specializes in vegetarian food items and non-vegetarian food items as well. In addition, according to the request of the customer the company also renders its services in terms of continental food items at a competitive price in the market (Hirshleifer & Et. Al., 2005). Apart from catering services the company, also organizes event for its customers belonging to the commercial and the general market as well. In this case, the company manages the event location, the decorative measures, and both the fooding and lodging services if demanded. In addition, the company also renders transport services to its customers while organizing such event. Moreover, the company specializes in organizing small or big events in various occasions, but excels in organizing business conferences. The company renders its services in various price ranges considering the comfortability of the customers and the competitive environment in which the business firm operates. Consequently, the prices are based on certain variables, such as the total number of guests, the food items selected to be served on the occasion, the venue of the event, and the time duration of the event that can range from a half day to even two days. Based on all these variables, the average pricing structure of the company ranges from a minimum of $25 per person and a maximum of $140 per person for general customers. However, for the commercial customers the pricing structure ranges from $30 per person to $220 per person (Hamster Internet, Inc., 2011). Notably, the pricing structure mentioned above does not include extra charges of tip, i.e. inclining the customers’ to their discretion. The additional charges also take account of taxation adhering to the legal rules and regulations prescribed by the regulatory bodies. The services in this regard not only accounts the

Civil Engineering Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Civil Engineering - Research Paper Example Civil engineering is one of the best professions because it gives assurance of a good career ahead with enormous opportunities for growth and service to society because a civil engineer works for the improvement of facilities and services provided to people in the form of infrastructure and comfort of living. Taking up civil engineering as a profession offers unlimited creativity, a good career growth, and mental satisfaction because of the opportunity to serve the people.Civil engineering is a very vast field and thus provides a number of options for professional growth. Starting from studying the feasibility of a project the next job of the civil engineer is to plan the execution of the project. The next stage is the design of the project which is a very critical phase of the project and design requires the engineers to have a strong command over the technical skills related to structural and geotechnical engineering. After that, the contract process starts and there is an extensiv e involvement of legal proceedings. The construction phase of the project is the stage where the real execution of ideas is carried out and the designs are realized on a ground surface. The job of civil engineer does not end here, the maintenance of the structures, the waste management and provision of access to the structure are also the responsibilities of a civil engineer. Therefore civil engineering as a profession offers a wide range of opportunities and a person can select the field which suits his abilities and aptitude.

Metaphysics questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Metaphysics questions - Essay Example Idols of the Tribe concern themselves with all of humanity. They arise from the belief that what humans think and perceive is the ultimate â€Å"measure of things†. The Idols of the Cave are the personal biases and prejudices that cloud how we perceive nature. The Idols of the Market place is the misunderstanding between individuals that arises from the use of words. The Idols of the Theater are the erroneous ideas passed down through the ages that serve as a false scenery in our lives. 3. The wax experiment was necessary for Descartes to establish the duality of man. He had established his existence through the cogito, so the reality of his mind was no longer doubted. In the wax experiment, Descartes discovers that though the sensible qualities of the wax had changed, he still understood that this was wax. This showed an interaction between the mind and body, establishing the reality of the body as well as the mind. 4. Descartes believed that he needed to rid himself of any prior learning in order to reach understanding about what is real. He recognized that his own personal will as driven by his past experiences and sensory experiences needed to be abandoned. He therefore doubts any method of learning that has deceived him in the past even though he personal will is to continue to make sense of the world through his senses. 5. Buridan employed impetus theory as an anticipation of inertia by countering the rules of motion laid down by Aristotle. The three phases described in relation to ballistics, where impetus over-rides gravity, then weakens causing the object to arc and then finally to succumb to gravity is a great step towards understanding inertia in the modern sense. 6. Newton’s Rules of Reasoning are a synthesis of prior understanding. They are not purely empirical, but empiricism does play a role in that he displayed an open skepticism of phenomena that could not be empirically expressed. His genius lies in bringing

Diversity Leadership - No African-Americans Here Case Study

Diversity Leadership - No African-Americans Here - Case Study Example Beliefs, with regards to an organization, are the plans based on the values that will see the organization attain its visions. Attitudes, in an organization, are the positive and negative thoughts of business proceedings that people have (Thomas, 1991). Finally, values are the issues that organizations put first when forming a basis of their ethical actions. Culture can be defined as a pattern of shared assumptions that an organization learns as it deals with its daily issues of internal integration and external adaptation, which has worked well enough to be perceived as valid. Therefore, culture refers to the correct way of thinking, perceiving and feeling with regards to organizational issues (Hofmann & Nelson, 2001). Climate, on the other hand, is the long-lasting quality of the overall organizational environment. This is in proportion to the experience of the workers, an influence of their behaviour, as well as the attributes of the organization (Johnson, 2009). In addition, climate can be referred to as the phenomenological, but external factors that take place around an organization, for instance, the way social environment is experienced by members of the organization. Cultural competence is at the centre of managing diversity within an organization (Dreachslin, 1996). Whereas a few individuals appear to be born with cultural competence, a great number of people have had to put consideration attempt into developing cultural competence. As perceived by many scholars, cultural diversity could have stern effects on an organization if not tackled correctly. However, the best results of an organization could be achieved if its workers portray cultural diversity. This is because cultural competence can motivate staff members or prevent them from being dissatisfied with the organization’s policies (Evans, 2003). Cultural competence attracts prospective workers, and this is beneficial to the organization.  Ã‚  

Development of Harlem as a Cultural and Artistic Center for African Essay

Development of Harlem as a Cultural and Artistic Center for African Americans - Essay Example Harlem Renaissance Harlem Renaissance is a period of unprecedented artistic production by African-Americans (Beaulieu 395). The Harlem Renaissance is a representation of the Negro movement in the 1920s, which gave rise to revolutionized ways in which African-American artists would look at themselves and their work of art. It also represents the ways in which they would express themselves, musically, verbally or artistically. Beaulieu (396) notes that Harlem became a geographical center for the African-Americans who had migrated to the Northern Part of the United States in search of better opportunities than those they had on the south. He also notes that in Harlem the African Americans were able to live comfortably and found better working conditions. The African Americans were also able to obtain good education in schools that were very much superior to the ones in the southern part of the country. As a way of African Americans maintaining their identity, Harlem was nicknamed Ã¢â‚¬Ë œBlack Manhattan’ by one of its founders James Weldon Johnson. It has also been nicknamed by Claude McKay as ‘Negro Metropolis’ (Beaulieu 396). Significant Writers and Artists of Harlem Renaissance Anderson and Stewart (302) assert that there were a number of African American writers and poets of the Harlem Renaissance. ... oups, artistes, dancers, musicians, and performance of Harlem Renaissance include Josephine Baker, Paul Robenson, Florence Mills, Noble Sissle, and Eubie Blake. Locations and Roles of Jazz Venues Such As the Savoy Ballroom and the Cotton Club Savoy Ballroom The Savoy Ballroom in Harlem is located at 596 along Lenox Avenue, in between West140th and 141st Street in New York City USA. It was opened on Match 12th 1926 by Moses Galewski, Charles Galewski and Charles Buchanan a Harlem real estate businessperson who became the Savoy Ballroom business manger. It is situated within the second floor of the building and measures 200 feet long by 50 feet wide (Aberjhani and West 221). The venue is used as a battle of jazz bands and dance. For example in the 1927, the Savoy Ballroom staged a â€Å"Battle of Jazz† featuring King Oliver’s Jazz Dixie syncopates under leadership of Williams, Harlem stompers by Chick Webb among others. The venue has since then remained known for its famo us Jazz dance and performances across the United States of America (Aberjhani and West 221). Cotton Club Cotton club is located in Harlem, along 644 Lenox Avenue, West 142nd and 200 west, 48th street. It is also known as Club Deluxe. It was opened in 1920 as a jazz club (Aberjhani and West 221). The cotton club operates as a jazz performance venue in Harlem. For example, during the club inception in the 1920s it saw prominent jazz musicians, dancers and singers like Louis Armstrong and Ethel Waters, Bill Robinson, Ivie Anderson and Nicholas Brothers perform at the club. It has remained famous for Jazz since then (Aberjhani and West 221). Political and Religious Leaders and Movements that Were Centered In Harlem Beaulieu (396) notes that Harlem Renaissance had two influential political leaders. They

Teaching English Language Learners in the Content AreasMathematics Essay

Teaching English Language Learners in the Content AreasMathematics - Essay Example To address these challenges, there is need for teachers to employ specific strategies that can improve students learning experience and further improve performance among them (Egbert & Ernst-Slavit, 2010). To ensure that students engage meaningfully and that they benefit from each other when learning mathematics, I suggest collaborative learning to be applied in class. Under this strategy, the teacher forms groups of four or five students, with each group containing an English native speaker. It is also ensured that students work with diverse student backgrounds; a factor that allows each student to get exposed to different cultures. This strategy relies on the finding that collaborative learning among students can help break language barriers better compared to direct teacher-student interaction (Anahalt, Farias & Farias, 2009). One of the main benefits of collaborative learning is that it fosters friendship among students from diverse backgrounds. Students, therefore, learn to rely on each other in a positive way when solving mathematics problems. Collaborative learning, in this case, uses diversity as a tool for learning rather than a challenge for English language learners. Additionally, this strategy promotes socially constructed learning, where the teacher acts as a mediator. The teacher uses language to monitor interactions within social relationships that in this case are groups of students. This benefit relies on the proposition that what individuals are made up of and how they think are functions of their social relationships. This strategy equally provides a rich language, encourages thinking, and consequently yields high-level academic performance among ELLs (Anahalt, Farias & Farias, 2009). One of the technologies presented by Grandgenett, Harris and Hofer (2009), is the virtual manipulative that allows teachers and students to concretely represent abstract

How can we adapt the design & structure of a british mosque in order Essay

How can we adapt the design & structure of a british mosque in order for it to comply with the architectural development of the modern world (britain) - Essay Example But Minaret and/or dome is/are claimed to be divine properties of mosques and any rejection of them is seen as an opposition to Islam. Edwards Said in his 'Orientalism' says clearly that such symbols are truly needed as, "we all need some foundation on which to stand." (3) In many of the parts of Britain it has been seen that a different kind of religious structures of mosques are formed. Thus, excluding minarets and domes. The public face of mosques need greater attention according to traditionalists. They question that how such buildings of ever changing context in Britain can be associated with Islamic world. It should also be considered that 40-50 years ago the immigrants were quite happy to pray in a make shift house in a terrace house. And as the worship place seemed too small they also didn't mind in buying and converting the schools, bigger houses and warehouses into buildings of worship. This clearly indicates that the only important thing in Islam is to offer prayers to Allah without any external support needed as minarets and domes. Another contemporary leading mosque builder, Al- Sumaria is one of the new generations of Muslims who has much radical approach and states that, "There are four features you must have, first of all you must have a dome you must have a minaret, you must have a Mehrab (the equivalent to an alter) you must have a babul Sulum what we call a frontal entrance. Those 4 features are of paramount importance, without it really any place can be a mosque." (4) This is the basic generational issue where most of the elders do not accept the modern architecture, confiding into commission of building, still not understanding what good architecture is. The younger generation finds the traditional style mosques quite old fashioned and want something more exciting while containing the basic essence that is true worship. According to Al-Sumaria the traditional British Mosques are not doing what people who want the building to respond should. Today the purpose built buildings are a bit more established as people want to raise some money from these to procure the buildings and moving from the adhock alteration of a building. But is it fundamental. The question is serious only if the essential essence of Mosques will be forgotten i.e. converting a building only to make it useful for praying, for Muslim worship. Aim, Objectives and Hypothesis The central aim of the paper is to present the ideal structure and architecture of Mosques in Britain and if any of the modern contemporary changes are affecting the basic element of faith of Islam. The idea of the mosque ever since is that it is place of worship serving as a sacred and clean space for prayer and also providing counselling, education and other services associated with the benefit of a community. They only need is to provide a space for all these services without any direct relation with minarets and domes. K. Alavi highlights that, historically the mosque is an institution with four major roles: a place of worship, a centre of education, a judicial court and a centre for political and administrative

Chinas Reform and Opening-Up Policy Essay Example for Free

Chinas Reform and Opening-Up Policy Essay Deng Xiaoping in the eyes of all the Chinese people are very familiar with, because he proposed the reform and opening up policy, China has undergone enormous changes, China not only in the economic, political, cultural, social and other fields, various aspects have made great progress. I will divide my speech into three parts, the first part of the economy, the primary stage of socialism, the basic economic system has been established. Adjust and improve the ownership structure, changes in the ownership structure of public ownership as the main body, and a variety of forms of ownership develop the basic economic system. The reform of state-owned enterprises made ​significant progress. 30 years as the central link of the economic reform, the management system and operation mechanism reform of state-owned enterprises continued to deepen. Most of the restructuring of state-owned enterprises as diverse shareholders corporate enterprises, state-owned economy and structural adjustment progresses, greatly stimulate the vitality of enterprises, enhance the control and influence of the state-owned economy. The new macro-control system gradually perfected. Break the traditional highly centralized planning and management system, and gradually establish a macro-control system to adapt to the requirements of the socialist market economy, the transformation of government functions, planning, investment, finance and taxation, finance, foreign exchange, the price system reform has achieved significant progress in the formation of national planning and fiscal , monetary policy and the coordination of macro-control system. The second part, resource allocation, income distribution system is undergoing a fundamental change. Established distribution according to work is dominant and a variety of modes of distribution coexist distribution system, the establishment of the production factors of labor, capital, technology and management system of distribution according to contribution. Emphasis on the treatment of the relationship between the initial distribution and redistribution in the efficiency and fairness, give full play to the enthusiasm. The third part, social security, social security system of Chinese characteristics basically formed. Establishing and continuously improving the urban basic old-age insurance system, the formation of the urban and rural basic medical insurance system, and constantly improve the unemployment insurance, industrial injury insurance and maternity insurance system, generally establish minimum living security system for urban and rural residents, and gradually improve the social assistance system.

Opportunity Assessment Essay Example for Free

Opportunity Assessment Essay Explain the purpose and value of a business plan to a new or existing business. There is a whole host of reasons to justify the preparation of a business plan, not just for business start-up enterprises, but as a model of good practice for established organizations. First, the process of producing a business plan acts as a very efficient method of focusing the ideas of entrepreneurs in terms of defining their objectives and assessing their own abilities to organize and run the business. A business plan also acts as a means of testing the viability of the business proposal before actually committing its proposers to any substantial expenditure or investment. As there are relatively few entrepreneurs who have the resources to be totally self-financing, most are faced at some point in time with the need to raise external finance. The possession of a business plan is crucial to the business’ future; an appointment with the financier or bank manager who is a potential investor or source of loan to discuss a proposal is a bit like an audition in a Hollywood film – if they blow their lines, they blow their chances, or at least, they reduce their prospects of getting the part they want. Written business plans are essential to guide bankers, lenders or investors in understanding and monitoring the financial strength of the business entity. So the most important thing is to prepare the plan thoroughly and to present it in a professional and competent manner. The elements of a business plan is primarily for the benefit of the lending institution and should not be confused with the strategic or detailed operating plans the business may use for internal management purposes. The kind of business plan any banker, lender or investor looks for should provide broad-based financial and organizational information. It should be made available upon submission of the initial credit request and updated periodically thereafter. Financial statements, together with management’s analysis of financial performance, for the past three-year period are especially essential. In addition, the banker, lender or investor will want to see financial performance projections for the coming two or three years. Define the term `micro business` and outline the contribution micro business make to the Australian economy. The term micro business tends to better describe the smallest niche within the small business world. A micro business is, in general, fewer than ten people and includes some unique needs to that space. It typically requires less than US$15,000 in start-up capital, which means that it does not have access to the commercial banking sector because initial loan needs are usually less than US$15,000. In most micro-enterprises, the owner is the sole operator and worker. The capital needs of micro-businesses are too small to be of interest to formal financial markets, yet too large to be covered by the personal means of business starters particularly if they come out of precarious situations. In more cases than not, micro business owners mix personal expenses with business expenses, clouding the company’s functional cost relationships and making ratio analysis very difficult. Typical micro business operators only keep cash records during the year. They present a shoe-box of records to their accountants at year end. They only use their accountant to generate a tax return and set of accounts, which might be received six months after the year end. Market niches tend to be defined geographically. Typically, competitive businesses turn over very rapidly, with frequent new entrants to the market, many ownership changes, and a high percentage of bankruptcies and liquidations. Micro business is a key niche to keep in mind in today’s economy and a field that is quickly starting to gain enterprise attention. The economic significance of micro-businesses to the economy of Australia as well as to the global economy is highly acknowledged. This is for the reason that the involvement that micro-businesses create for both employment and the income it produces. Micro-businesses put in $20,193 million to the Australian industry’s GNP and provide work for more than 1/3 of micro-business workers (Khosrowpour 525). Briefly explain the role market research plays in the evaluation of a business opportunity. An entrepreneur must make a commitment to pursuing a business opportunity long before the outcome of that decision is known. How can he know whether the opportunities he is pursuing have a perfect fit with the marketplace, need to be expedited on a rush basis, and are the right decisions to go ahead with? Market research is the answer. Market research is the compilation and examination of any trustworthy information that improves managerial decisions. An entrepreneur needs to do market research to identify and assess an opportunity. Intuition, personal expertise, and passion can take businessmen only so far. Both traditional and nontraditional marketing research can be used to assess opportunity. Research is vital in strategic evaluation if new ideas for diversifying the business are evaluated or tested out. A company entering a new market with a new product is unlikely to know much about that market, and is going to be dependent on good information for decision making for developing sales of the new product and services. The research is likely to reduce the uncertainty about pursuing the diversification opportunity, and to help managers to plan, based on known and defined customer needs. In all practical terms, the application of market research to identify problems and opportunities and to evaluate programs of activity is as important as in other areas of marketing communications. It is the methodical and objective recognition, compilation, study and distribution of information for the intention of supporting business decision-making activities connected to the detection and resolution of business troubles and prospects. Certainly market research plays an important role in business decision making, but ultimate success in markets is determined by many other factors, not least the commitment of the team, the size and mix of marketing budget, and the ability to react to unforeseen problems. Briefly describe the process by which the total cost price of a product or service is established. Pricing, as a process, can simply be defined as setting or adjusting a price charged to a customer in exchange for a good or service. The need for correct pricing decisions has become even more important as global competition has become more intense. Organizations that have been successful in making profitable pricing decisions have been able to raise prices successfully or reduce prices without competitive retaliation. Pricing policy cannot be established in a vacuum. The selling price of the product or service should be consistent with the entrepreneur’s marketing goals, the image he or she is attempting to project, and the perceptions and expectations of the target market. Also, the pricing decision must be viewed as in interactive process in that there is a strong need for cross-functional interaction. It should be clear that effective pricing decisions involve considerations of many factors, and no single model will fit all pricing decisions. While all pricing decisions cannot be made strictly on the general model to be presented in the next paragraph, it does break pricing strategy into a set of manageable stages that are integrated into the overall marketing strategy. Given a product or service designed for a specific target market, the pricing process begins with a clear statement of the pricing objectives. These objectives guide the pricing strategy and should be designed to support the overall marketing strategy. The evaluation of the relationship of product or service to pricing with respect to the distinctiveness, perishability and stage of the life cycle a product/service is in all affect pricing. In addition, marketers need to consider what value the product/service has for customers and how price will influence product/service positioning. The other components of the marketing mix need to be also examined in relation to the pricing component, in order to arrive at a total price. Although the main basis should be the product or service cost, marketers should combine various criteria in setting prices rather than considering only the costs. What is the difference between a projected Profit and Loss Statement and a Projected Cash Flow? Why do you need both? There are several distinctions between projected cash flow and projected profit and loss statement. Although both are only estimates, one difference is that the projected cash flow statement will record budgeted cash receipts from customers, while the projected income statement will show forecast revenue for the period. Further, the projected cash flow statement will record budgeted cash payments to suppliers, while the projected income statement will show forecast of sales, which will reflect opening inventory, plus purchases, less closing inventory. Furthermore, the projected cash flow statement shows the budgeted cash payments for the expenses such as wages, electricity and rates while the projected income statement will record the expenditure expected to be consumed in the period, reflecting any accounts or prepayments. Lastly, the projected cash flow will reflect the cost of purchasing a non-current asset at the expected date of purchase and the proceeds at the date of sale, while the projected income statement will record a depreciation charge for the consumption of the asset and a profit or loss on disposal. The business needs both of these projected statements because they are important tools of financial analysis. Projected cash flow statement, for instance, is a point of comparison for actual cash flow statement so that the firm can find out the variation and take necessary remedial measures. It also helps in overcoming the problem of meeting deficit cash or investment of surplus cash because projected cash flow is usually prepared on the basis of the past year’s experience. Using the cash flow forecast enhances the business’ versatility and allows it to adjust its planning horizon as the business grows. A projected income statement is likewise an invaluable tool. It will help the business estimate its approximate income and expenses in the short term, from months to a few years. It will give a gauge to judge the financial progress of the company. Outline the legal avenues available to an individual to protect intellectual property. Even though it is an intangible term for a theoretical concept, intellectual property is nevertheless completely well-known to practically everybody. While the underpinnings of material property rights are clear, those of intellectual property rights appear clouded. Intellectual property rights have seen perceptible, indeed substantial extensions in the last decade alone. Copyrights, service marks, trademarks and patents are all types of intellectual property, and are avenues for individuals in the United States to protect their intellectual property. The examination of intellectual property law is significant since intellectual property is captivating an escalating implication worldwide. Copyright and trademarks are directly related to the Web, patents less so except if the thing being patented is a new type of technology that affects how the Web is actually used. Trademarks and service marks are used to protect logos, unique elements, phrases, services and official names that have sufficient distinctive character by which the government recognizes the concept as being unique and wholly owned by the individual. At common law, the individual who utilized a symbol or mark to classify a company or manufactured good was sheltered in the employment of the trademark. Service marks protect services rather than products, which is its main difference with trademark, in where the later protects products. Copyright protects everything that goes into a website or in print. It provides the inventor of a work the right to the restricted utilization of that said work for a certain time. Copyright infringement is all too common, often resulting in lawsuits in which individuals receive handsome compensation for having their work ripped off. A patent is a government endowment that bestows an inventor the private right to produce, utilize and put up for sale the invention for a time of twenty years since the time of filing a request for a patent. If a firm produces, utilize and put up for sale a patented blueprint, produce or procedure without the consent of the owner of the patent, it is obligated with the tort of patent infringement. What are the main advantages of operating your business as a company rather than as a sole trader or partnership? Are there any disadvantages? The primary advantage of operating the business as a corporation is protection against liability. The corporation can protect one’s personal assets in the event of a judgment against the business. This is because the corporation’s assets (cash, real estate, securities, accounts payable, etc. ) do not include one’s personal property and assets such as car, house, bank account, and other personal property. One’s personal property is considered separate from the property and assets of the corporation. A second advantage over sole proprietorship or partnership is organization and efficiency. No matter what form the business takes, keeping one’s personal and business finances and assets separate is crucial to the survival of the business. If one’s business and personal finances are intertwined, it will prove difficult and eventually impossible to sort them out to the satisfaction of say, banks and other financial institutions where one may be applying for business loans. A third advantage is savings. There are myriad instances where, as a corporation, one may be able to save on business costs – savings that might otherwise be unavailable to one as a sole proprietor or partnership business. For instance, business equipment amortization IRS allowance and schedules are generally more favorable for corporations than for individuals and partners. Also, financial institutions tend t give more favorable credit and lending rates to corporations as opposed to individuals and partners. The primary disadvantages, on the other hand, are the record-keeping that is required and the fact that corporations are subject to double taxation – the corporation pays taxes on its profits, and if one receives some of those profits as dividends, he/she will be taxed, too. Moreover, the business has to maintain minimal corporate formalities that will take some time and effort, including government regulation of the creation of the corporation, issuance of stock and operations of the organization. The lack of management skills is the cause of 92% of business failure. Does a successful business operator have to be expert or competent in all facets of business management? Long ago in business literature, experts have researched the role of the entrepreneur in firm failure. Managerial deficiencies, inexperience, and inefficiency are consistent themes in the literature explaining business failure. Researchers found that many firm characteristics – particularly decision-based ones – were directly related to the entrepreneurial characteristics. These included lack of insight, inflexibility, and emphasis on technical skills. Additionally, managerial deficiencies and the financial shortcomings of the entrepreneur also contributed to failure. Other researchers have further found support for the case that lack of management expertise along with financial matters was the most common causes of business failure. Some of these researchers pointed to poor management skills as the most frequently identified common theme in business failure. The significance that is placed on management deficiencies as a cause has therefore warranted a closer examination of the specific areas where these deficiencies are greatest. Although this is the case, it is often unfeasible for a business operator to be an expert on all facets of business management. This is the role of consultants; experts that business owners hire too assist in the facilitation of business management processes. The business operator may not possess the expert comprehension of the specialist (such as technology specialist) but it is the business operator who is familiar with the worth and the prospect of expert knowledge. Thus the management expert has specialized knowledge and the business operator has knowledge breadth and it is through the organization that the two kinds of knowledge are united to create wealth. The proven formula for success involves leveraging limited human and financial resources. For example, most business operators lack at least one critical management function, such as a controller or a sales manager. An outside accounting firm, a part-time employee, a channel partner, or a retired person could perform these functions. You have been approached by a person who has identified a business opportunity and who needs some assistance to evaluate it. Outline the advice you would give to such a person? An opportunity is not just an idea. A business opportunity must grow an idea with the potential to develop with the enterprise that has a reasonable chance to succeed. This means that all of the pieces of the puzzle must come together, and in the right order. There should first be the evaluation of external and internal factors that may influence the potential of the business opportunity. External analysis should consider both the general environment, and big picture, and the industry setting in which the venture might do business. Identifying potential affecters in the external environment is definitely worth the effort, but business concepts make sense only if they fit well with the internal potentials of the business. In other words, the entrepreneur’s understanding of potential business opportunities should be combined with insights into what the entrepreneur is able to do. With respect to the chosen sector/industry, learners need to know how to perform a systematic search for new business opportunities as well as how to analyze and evaluate them. There are many different tools identifying opportunities to determine ideas that are worthy of further development, like Drucker’s Seven Sources of Innovative Opportunity, Boston Consulting Group Matrix, GE Planning Grid, 7-S Model and Competitive Strength vs. Market Attractiveness Model. Assessment can be more ‘real world’ if the task of evaluation relates to an idea, plan or proposal with which an individual can identify personally. Determining whether an opportunity is possibly right for a company is not the same as deciding to enter a business, nor is evaluating an opportunity the same as evaluating a business plan. Grabbing a business opportunity is appropriate only after it has been determined that the opportunity itself is both valid and right for the company and the company has a business strategy and plan to which it is prepared to commit. Once a business has become established, it requires sound management systems to operate efficiently. Describe the system you would put in place to operate and control a small business. If the strategic objectives of the business are to be successfully implemented, then first, it is critical to identify the systems that will need to be in place in order to achieve them. The key management systems will typically be those that actively contribute towards the primary goals or profitability of the business. This includes the production functions that manufacture goods for sale and the sales and marketing that sell those goods to the customers. This is all about having the right resources in place to achieve the desired objectives of the business. Without these key systems in place, the strategic development of the business will not work, which is precisely why they must be right before anything can be started. The second stage is to ensure that the support systems are in place. These are the functions that enable the key systems to operate smoothly, such as the purchasing, stores, administration and distribution functions, not forgetting the management systems to organize and coordinate these. The third stage is to ensure that adequate monitoring and control systems are in place both to monitor the expansion of old or the implementation of new systems, and to monitor the efficacy of the whole strategic process and its component parts. In order to implement both the key systems and support systems, it will be necessary to produce an action plan which identifies the critical dates by which each one of these systems must be in place. The action plan should be regarded as a means to an end, as opposed to something that, once set, cannot be changed. Although it sets the guidelines and targets for the process, it must be flexible enough to account for, and respond to, any factors that are beyond the control of the process. The planning procedures must be, like the workings of each of the systems, subject to the same planning and review cycle if they are to function efficiently.

Discuss The Human Impact On Oceans

Discuss The Human Impact On Oceans Humans can have an abnormal and a massive impact on oceans all over the world. Oceans around the world are becoming more and more tarnished due to these impacts caused by humans. Evidence shows that human activities are altering ocean ecosystems beyond their natural state. These human activities are harming the oceans capacity to provide food, protect homes for the marine life, maintain clean water, and recover from environmental stresses like severe storms. A recent study has mapped the total human impact on the seas for the first time, and has revealed that the picture is far worse than imagined. Forty percent of the worlds oceans have been heavily affected by human activities, including fishing, coastal development and pollution. The most severely affected areas are in the North Sea, South and East China Seas, Caribbean, Mediterranean, Red Sea, the Gulf, the Bering Sea, the East Coast of North America and the Western Pacific. All of this is due to human activities. Oceans An ocean is a body of saline water that composes a large part of a planets hydrosphere. The word sea is often used interchangeably with ocean, but strictly speaking a sea is a body of saline water partly or fully enclosed by land. Because the ocean is accounted for being more than 70% of the Earths surface, it is therefore divided into different parts: (In descending order) Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Antarctic Ocean Arctic Ocean Because the ocean is the principal component of Earths hydrosphere, the world ocean is essential to all known life. It also forms part of the carbon cycle, and influences climate and weather patterns. The total volume of the ocean is approximately 1.3 billion cubic kilometres or 310 million cubic miles with an average depth of 3,682 metres or 12,080 ft. It is also the habitat of 230,000 known species, however much of the oceans depths remain unexplored and it is estimated that over two million marine species may exist. This just proves how vast and important the ocean is. It is a shame that we humans do so much harm to our oceans, knowing how important and essential it is to us and other living things that require its attention. Importance of the Ocean Throughout history humans have been directly and indirectly influenced by the oceans. Ocean waters serve as a source of food and valuable minerals, as a huge base for commercial manners, and provide a place for both recreation and waste disposal. Gradually, people are turning to the oceans for their food supply either by direct consumption or indirectly by harvesting fish that is then processed for livestock feed. It has been estimated that as much as 10% of human protein intake comes from the oceans. Nevertheless, the food-producing potential of the oceans is only partially recognized. Other biological products of the oceans are also commercially used. For example, pearls taken from oysters are used in jewelry, and shells and coral have been widely used as a source of building material. All living things would not be able to live on this planet without the oceans. Oceans help moderate the climate by keeping it cooler in summer and warmer in winter. The oceans provide a vast surface area for water to evaporate, thus putting moisture in the atmosphere so that precipitation may occur. The ocean is the best place where evaporation takes place. The ocean is a large body of water, which makes it so convenient for evaporation to take place. Most of the rain comes from water evaporated from the oceans. No plants or animals, including humans could survive without rain. Sadly, a lot of plants all over the world get little to no water, causing them to die. Therefore they may only be able to depend on the rain for necessary reasons. And we humans need plants for the oxygen and other gases that they give off in order for us to stay alive. So if plants die, then we as humans die along with other living things. Thats just two of the very major things where there couldnt even be life without oceans. There is a lot more, like where would all the fish come from to feed billions of people who depend on seafood to survive if there were no oceans? In which fish would be a huge priority for people who not only feed on fish, but also fishermen who sell fish as a job in order to survive. Ocean water is processed to extract commercially valuable minerals such as salt, bromine, and magnesium. Although nearly 60 valuable chemical elements have been found dissolved in ocean water, most are in such dilute concentrations that the extraction of the minerals found in ocean water isnt profitable. Ocean water is also refined to produce freshwater. The oceans also have become more important for recreational use, as each year progresses, more people are attracted to the sports of swimming, fishing, scuba diving, boat racing, and waterskiing, just to name a few. Ocean pollution in the meantime, has escalated dramatically as those who use the oceans for recreational and commercial purposes, as well as those who live nearby, have disposed of more and more wastes there. Human Impacts on Oceans Humans have had a huge impact on the ocean. In fact, evidence of humans can be found all over the oceans, even in the most remote polar areas, in the form of floating trash. Humans are the main cause of pollution of the ocean. Washington Post published that Human activities are affecting every square mile of the worlds oceans, according to a study by a team of American, British and Canadian researchers who mapped the severity of the effects from pole to pole. Some factors included warming ocean temperatures because of greenhouse gas emissions, nutrient runoff and fishing. The areas that are under the most stress due to human activities are the North and Norwegian seas, South and East China seas, Eastern Caribbean, North American eastern seaboard, Mediterranean, Persian Gulf, Bering Sea, and the waters around Sri Lanka. Some marine ecosystems are under severe pressure like sea mounts, mangrove swamps, sea grass and coral reefs. Almost half of all coral reefs experience medium high to very high impacts from humans. Large and small contributing factors significantly pollute both inland and coastal waters by dumping their raw sewage. Accidental oil spills or flushed tankers and offshore rigs (900,000 metric tons annually), tarnishes beaches and harms bird, fish, and plant life. Humans dump a lot of waste in the ocean such as trash, sewage, oil, chemicals, heat, and even noise just to name a few. As the human population increases on the Earth, these sources of pollution increase. Small amounts of pollution do not harm the ocean ecosystems. In fact, sometimes the dumping of food waste in the ocean can increase the productivity of an area by supplying an additional food source for the marine animals. But, this is always altering the natural state and usually becomes destructive in the long run. Here are some of the impacts on the ocean that humans cause: Oil spills- Oil floats on the surface of the ocean, so when oil spills occur, the oil tends to end up on the shore where it negatively impacts coastal wildlife and humans. It can hurt wildlife by mashing down bird feathers, sticking to fish gills, disrupting breeding, and by poisoning animals and plants. Humans are affected when beaches are closed and seafood cannot be harvested. Once an oil spill occurs, chemicals may be used to diffuse the oil, but these chemicals may also be toxic to marine life. To clean up a spill with minimum impact to the environment, bioremediation may be used. In this process, nitrogen and phosphorous-rich fertilizers are added to the contaminated beaches to stimulate the growth of bacteria that supposedly eats away the oil. Sewage and trash- Trash is one of the most, if not, the most widespread pollutants that are caused by humans. Beaches all over the world become littered with the trash produced by mankind. Much of which is disposed of at sea and then floats all over the world in the ocean currents. Everywhere in the world, there are trash and sewage being dumped into the ocean. Sewage acts as a fertilizer and can be responsible for toxic plankton. Another possible effect caused by sewage is detoxification. Detoxification kills marine life because there is not enough oxygen in the water to breathe. Sewage may also lead to diseases and unhealthy chemicals like heavy metals and other pollutants into coastal waters. Although the ocean is good at ridding itself of pollutants by chemical processes and dilution, as coastal populations grow, so do the human impacts on the marine environment. Storm drain and River run-off- These impacts begin far away from the coast. This impact has a lot of pollutants that eventually finds its way to the ocean. Pollutants like a Styrofoam cup, oil and gasoline, soap from washing cars, a candy wrapper, and old smoked cigarettes are some examples of storm drain and river run-off. Fertilizers, soap, and organic wastes will increase plankton and bacteria levels in the ocean the same way sewage does. Oil and gasoline are toxic in both freshwater and saltwater. A sewer plant may become overloaded with sewage and may be unable to treat it. This may happen during rain storms if the rain water is directed into storm drains that go to the sewer plant. Because of this many cities now have storm drains that take the runoff water directly to the ocean which can be another problem if the water is contaminated Watersheds- Watersheds can sometimes build up sewage, usually due to improper septic systems or people using the watershed as an outdoor outhouse. When it begins to rain, these watersheds are flushed into the ocean and extremely high levels of human sewage contaminate the ocean. Thermal pollution- Thermal pollution is a byproduct of the oceans use as a cooling agent. The cool ocean water taken in is released at a higher temperature. Although the temperature of release is usually controlled by laws, and is not such a threat as the other forms of pollution are, one could imagine what it would be like if more and more plants began using ocean water as a coolant. Conclusion Humans are definitely a massive impact on the ocean. We as humans really benefit from the ocean, but we still are harming it in so many ways. Without the ocean, there would be dire consequences not just for humans, but for all living things that depend on it.. Humans along with other living things would not be able to live on this planet without the ocean, and I dont think the planet would be able to carry on for long if there were no ocean. The ocean is beginning to change along with planet Earth. The way the humans are impacting the ocean is very dangerous and is safe to nothing that lives in it. The dumping of sewage and trash and other pollutants in the ocean is tarnishing and killing the marine life and the purity of the ocean. Earths global ocean is the largest confirmed surface ocean on all observable planets. This comes down to the fact that it takes up more than half of the earths surface; therefore it is the most important part of the earth. And we as humans need to take care of it, in terms of its state of cleanliness. Because without the ocean, everything on the earth will perish.

New British Library And Bps Andrew Field Development Construction Essay

New British Library And Bps Andrew Field Development Construction Essay The construction industry is one of the best industry in the world for delivering excellence in result. In United Kingdom we have a fantastic heritage of excellence in construction going back to Victorian times with the remarkable achievements of great engineers. But there has long been a recognition that there is considerable scope for improvement in the way construction projects are delivered. Back in the 1980s clients complained about performance of the industry, the industry complained about clients and a strong belief that we the public were not getting value for money! The industry was characterised by poorly performing projects, dissatisfied clients, poor quality end product, adversarial relationships between buyers and suppliers, low profit margins and a claims culture, lack of investment in people and a poor health and safety record. Public sector project in particular were inevitably delivered late, costing far in excess of what was originally estimated, and often did not meet peoples expectations in terms of performance, aesthetics or lifecycle. To drive culture change we must move beyond construction to a broader vision of the built environment , leveraging performance in other parts of the economy to deliver better quality of life in housing, transport, health, educationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..etc. Recognising that the relatively small up front construction cost has a big impact on overall business costs and ultimate value to the user. the social and environmental outcomes. Focus on the environment we must be a sustainability leader and adopt carbon efficiency. A green recovery from the current recession is required. Such that young people who want a better world can fulfil their aims by joining the industry to deliver a low carbon economy Find a cohesive voice for the industry. Institutions must collaborate to represent the industry to government and other stakeholders. Focus on how we can help reduce government costs Adopt new business models find ways to incentives long term value creation Develop new leaders who can communicate their vision and drive culture change Integrate education and training to promote a wider understanding of the built environment. Procure for value rather than lowest price procurement process needs to be more professionally managed Suppliers take the lead in demonstrating how they can create additional value New British Library Aim of British Library The aim of British Library is to serve scholarship, research and enterprise. Their purpose to promote the advancement in knowledge through the communication of information and ideas. In order to achieve this they identify and respond to users needs for a national library services; build, catalogue and conserve the collection; provide entry to the worlds knowledge base; provide leadership and initiate co-operative programmes for the national and international research library community; and exploit their collections in enterprising ways to raise support for their activities. Source: The British Library Corporate Plan 1995 Development of British Library The concept of British Library was established in 1982, the construction of first phase was started at St Pancras. At the early stage their was no budget for complete project and the cost approved phase by phase. This was not an efficient practice for management. In 1988 Minister was agreed for  £300 millions as a cash target for phase 1A and also  £150 millions for completion phase. In 1991, the former Committee of public Accounts were critical of the serious lapses in the management control and accountability of the project and elected the management arrangements to be monitored closely. The government accepted the main findings of committee and confirmed that the expected completion of new building will held on 1996 with in the cash limit of  £450 millions but in November minister increased cash limit to  £496 millions. It was expected that the whole building should be completed in 1996 but the completion and handover dates of phase 1A changed three times since July 1991, in 1993 phase 1A was planned for operational in the middle of the year but the phase was completed in November 1995 but no part of the building is now expected to open until October 1997.the completion target date of phase 1A was slipped because of identify and resolve technical problems with the book shelving, in order to find out how to deal with cabling damages during installation, how to deal with short comings in the fire protection systems, and to implement remedial works. BPs North Sea Andrew Field Development Proposed Idea Development In 1974 Andrew was discovered in 1974 in 230 km NE of Aberdeen in 115 m water depth, a relatively small complex reservoir, with estimated 112million barrels of oil and 3.8 billion cu m of gas. It was proposed for development a number of times between 1981 and 1988 but always commercially unattractive. By 1991 collaborative team work had solved the gas management plan incorporating gas export and re-injection into the reservoir. BP themselves were not sure of the steps needed to reach their goal and had to hold fast to their vision. They wanted the facilities contractors on board at the pre-sanction stage for them to establish an early sense of ownership and to work on reducing the unacceptably high cost estimate of  £450m. BP moved away from a traditional tendering process and developed a set of 10 new criteria the Minimum Conditions of Satisfaction (MCOS) against which they would judge prospective candidates. The tender document at only 50 pages was the slimmest ever produced for a major new Offshore development. Brown Root recognised that BP was serious and came up with its own response to BPs Minimum Conditions Of Satisfaction that would change behaviour and reduce cost foremost of these was an end to man to man marking on the project limiting the client team to 20 and truly integrating them was part of the delivery of the project. Contractors were cautious especially with the MCOS requiring that the development cost be limited to  £270m. Temporary grillage steelwork to support the structure during fabrication and load out was reduced from 1100T to 300T saving  £260k. An example of further cooperation between design and fabrication was that the design team produced drawings for fabrication. Usually 300 primary drawings would be produced. Instead only 30 were needed with all fabrication drawings directly produced from the CAD model saving 12000 man-hours. At sanction the estimated man hours for jacket fabrication were 580,000 which was reduced to 500,000 by reduction in work scope. However, by smarter working motivated by the cooperative atmosphere and culture of the Alliance, Andrews Jacket was built for less than 440,000 man hours. Sanction estimates, based on other typical projects, was 78 man hours/tonne The final outcome for Andrew was 66 man hours/tonne. As different contractors would be working under different payment methods reimbursed costs with fixed overhead and profit and fixed lump sum prices there was concern that although joint commitment was required under the risk and reward gain share system, one party might not have influence over another in achieving the target cost. Target cost finalised in Nov 93 at  £373m which included  £39m contingency approx 20% reduction in price had been achieved. And first oil 3 months early, by Sep 96 Way the Both Projects Delivered In the contrast of both the projects like ;New British Library and BPs North Sea Andrew Field Development s project both started almost on same time and having same magnitude of cost. In the case of British Library, time and cost of project both over runs. the performance and specification of complex systems need to be settle down early during design, the library believed that they were justified in revisiting basic features of the design when construction was well advanced. In their project they did not arranged quality people like architects and other professionals because they provide the financial incentive to complete projects on time and with in budget. there was unclear definition of responsibilities for inspections between Laing, the design team, and the clerks of works. Their had been insufficient planning, resulting in sufficient time being allowed for inspections. Guidance on handover procedures had been confused, their were poor identification and recording of items to be rectified or still outstanding. As a result, there had been uncertainty over the amount of work still to be done before an area could be handed over also uncertainty over what bookshelving contractors were contracted to provide: records of technical discussions and agreement were not readily accessible. As far as BPs North Sea Andrew Field Development s project was concern a totally integrated team approach was done with a gain share mechanism to share risk and reward. The idea of behavioural change as an essential ingredient for success had taken hold following feedback from another BP project which suggested that the much discussed benefits of alliancing could bear fruit if managed correctly. They defined their roles, strategies and principles. They concentrated on their performance and specification during the project. They delivered their project on time because they monitored the technical issues, accidental issues and weather issues that is why the project finish on time and with in the targeted cost as well Recommendations Bibliography Refrences Constructing the Team (The Latham Report) (July 1994) Rethinking Construction (The Egan Report) (Dec 1998) NAO Report HC362: Progress in Completing the New British Library (15 May 1996) Lecture notes for EPM 934 Lecture 5 (available on City Space)